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雅思写作中衔接部分的重要作用
在官方公布的写作评分描述中有一项Coherence and Cohesion 。这一项是涉及要点最多,却最为广大教学工作者和学生所忽视的一项。该项目涉及三大要点:文章信息点安排(information and ideas organization)、衔接手段(cohesive device)和分段(paragraphing).其中分段在大作文的5分至7分的评分描述中被重点强调。比如Coherence and Cohesion 的7分第二条原文:
Uses a range of cohesive devices appropriately although there may be some uner-/over-use
6分第二条原文为:
Uses cohesive devices effectively, but cohesion within and/or between sentences may be faulty or mechanical;
6分第三条提到:
May not always use referencing clearly or appropriately
与之对应的5分第二条为:
Makes inadequate, inaccurate or over-use of cohesive devices
5 分第三条为:
May be repetitive because of lack of referencing and substitution
由以上所涉及到的原文可以看出,referencing(指代关系)和substitution(替代)都是cohesive device(衔接手段)的表现,而且是确定分值的重要参考标准。那么这里反复提到的Cohesive Device(衔接手段)究竟是什么呢?
Cohesive Device:(衔接手段) 是指文章中能使信息的逻辑关系更清晰的各种英语字符。所谓的逻辑关系主要涉及:并列或递进关系、让步或转折关系、因果关系和举例。具体来看,可分成以下三类:
Lexical aspect :( 词汇方面)
Linking word (连词) :
并列或递进关系:and; also; too; or; Besides; furthermore; moreover; likewise; meanwhile等
让步或转折关系:but; however; whereas; nonetheless; nevertheless; although; though; otherwise; yet; rather; despite; rather等
因果关系:because; so; since; for; so; thus; therefore; thereby;
举例:like
Linking phrase(短语):
并列或递进关系:not only…but also; as well as; either…or; in addition; apart from that; beyond that
让步或转折关系: even though; in spite of; on the other hand; on the contrary; in contrast; instead of, It is true that…;
因果关系: now that; in that; due to; owing to; as a result (of); in that case
举例:for example; for instance; in particular; such as; just as
Adverb (副词):
并列或递进关系:additionally; similarly; alternatively;
让步或转折关系: surprisingly; admittedly
因果关系: consequently; eventually;
举例:especially;
Reference(代词):
They; them; he; him; she; her; it; these; those; this ;that等
(句法)Syntax:
Punctuation (标点符号):
并列或递进关系:分号
同位、举例:冒号;破折号;括号
Clause (各种从句):主句的信息为重点信息;从句信息为次要信息
Unnoticeable cohesive device(高级连接手段)
Rhetorical purpose: (修辞)
排比:并列关系
Substitution/paraphrasing(同义转换):用词性转换、近义词、下义词、等有关联的信息来重复重点信息。这是获得7分以上高分的重要标志。
很多学生总是抱怨自己词汇量小,思路打不开。或是背了一大堆的词汇,真到考试就用不上了。或是写了一堆语言,但中心论点不明确。其实,如果一个段落的每一句话,都能出现要点信息,文章就会很容易读懂,并给人浑然一体的感觉。为了让读者更好的理解这一高级的连接手段,我们来做一个小小的练习。中心话题为Disaster,要求说出的短语,单词必须要能让人联想到该主题。我们可以有以下几种思路:
词性转换: disastrous; disastrously
近义词:catastrophe; calamity; suffering; misfortune, misery
下义词:disaster natural disaster flood; tsunami; earthquake quake-scattered area victims the injured; the missing; the death toll; the wounded soldiers; the affected; suffering; loss; the trapped; the buried, the homeless orphan; the old without any family members; survivor; survival rescuer; aid; help; rescue; relief operation; relief donation; supplies; relief cash and material; red cross; emergency aid; first aid kit; emergency shelter, food , medical care, emergency response team; evacuate
condolence; mourn
理论上说,通过这种思维方式,我们还可以想出很多能体现“灾难“的语言。尤其是下义词的有效使用,即可掩盖词汇量不大的缺陷,还可以让文章生动,说理性强。官方给出的高分文章也可以体现这一特点。
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